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Surat Al Fatihah (pembukaan) Surah ke-1. Terdiri dari 7 ayat. Makkiyyah
1-7: Surah ini mencakup semua makna/kandungan dalam Al Qur’an dan mengandung maksud-maksud Al Qur’an yang asasi (dasar) secara garis besar. Oleh karena itulah dinamakan Ummul Kitab yang artinya induk dari Al Qur’an.
Kandungan surat Al Fatihah
Surat Al Fatihah meskipun singkat, namun mengandung banyak pengetahuan. Di dalamnya terdapat tiga tauhid yang diperintahkan; tauhid rububiyyah (dari ayat "rabbil 'aalmiin"), tauhid uluhiyyah (dari ayat "iyyaaka na'budu") dan tauhid asmaa' wash shifat dengan menetapkan semua sifat sempurna bagi Allah yang telah ditetapkan oleh-Nya dan oleh Rasul-Nya shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam. Hal ini sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh ayat "Al Hamdulillah", karena nama-nama dan sifat-sifat Allah semuanya terpuji dan merupakan pujian bagi Allah Ta'ala.
Demikian juga menetapkan kenabian dan kerasulan Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam yang diambil dari ayat "Ihdinash shiraathal mustaqiim", karena jalan yang lurus tersebut adalah jalan yang diterangkan oleh Nabi Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam. Surat ini juga menetapkan adanya jazaa' (pembalasan amal) dan bahwa hal itu dilakukan dengan adil berdasarkan ayat "Maaliki yaumiddiin". Surat ini juga menguatkan Aqidah Ahlussunnah wal Jama'ah tentang masalah qadar, yakni bahwa semua terjadi dengan qadar Allah dan qadhaa'-Nya, dan bahwa seorang hamba melakukan perbuatannya secara hakikat; tidak dipaksa dalam berbuat. Hal ini dapat diketahui dari ayat "Iyyaaka na'budu wa iyyaaka nasta'iin". Surat ini juga menerangkan pokok kebaikan, yaitu ikhlas, sebagaimana diambil dari ayat " Iyyaaka na'budu wa iyyaaka nasta'iin".
Karena surat ini begitu agung dan mulia, Allah mewajibkan hamba-hamba-Nya membacanya di setiap raka'at dalam shalat mereka baik shalat fardhu maupun sunah. Di surat tersebut Allah mengajarkan kepada hamba-hamba-Nya bagaimana mereka memuji dan menyanjung-Nya, lalu mereka meminta kepada Tuhan mereka segala yang mereka butuhkan. Di surat ini pun terdapat bukti butuhnya mereka kepada Tuhan mereka, baik butuhnya hati mereka dipenuhi rasa cinta dan pengenalan kepada-Nya dan butuhnya mereka agar dibantu dalam menyelesaikan urusan mereka serta diberi taufiq agar dapat mengabdi kepada-Nya.
Contoh ayat-ayat yang menerangkan lebih lanjut surat Al Fatihah
Sebagaimana diterangkan bahwa semua isi Al Qur'an merupakan penjelasan lebih rinci terhadap masalah yang yang disebutkan secara garis besar dalam surat Al Fatihah. Berikut ini contohnya:
Firman Allah, "Al hamdulillahi." diterangkan oleh surat Al Baqarah: 186 dan 286.
Firman Allah, "Rabbil 'aalamiin" diterangkan oleh surat Al Baqarah: 21-22 dan 29.
Firman Allah, "Ar Rahmaanir rahiim" diterangkan oleh surat Al Baqarah: 37 dan 126
Firman Allah, "Maaliki yaumiddin." diterangkan oleh surat Al Baqarah: 284.
Firman Allah, "Iyyaaka na'budu." diterangkan oleh surat Al Baqarah secara lebih rinci, di mana di sana diterangkan masalah bersuci, shalat lima waktu, shalat jama'ah, shalat khauf, shalat Ied, zakat, puasa, I'tikaf, sedekah, umrah dan haji, mu'amalah secara Islam, warisan, wasiat, berbagai masalah pernikahan, penyusuan anak, nafkah, tentang hukum qishas, diyat, memerangi pemberontak dan orang yang murtad, tentang bjihad, tentang makanan, sembelihan, sumpah, nadzar, peradilan (qadhaa'), persaksian, memerdekakan budak dsb. semua ini merupakan bab-bab syari'at yang diterangkan dalam surat Al Baqarah.
Firman Allah, "Wa iyyaka nasta'iin" mewakili ilmu tentang akhlak.
Firman Allah, "Ihdinash shiraathal mustaqiim." diterangkan dalam surat-surat setelahnya yang menyebutkan jalannya para nabi dan jalan orang-orang yang menyelisihinya. wal hamdulillahi rabbil 'aalamiin.
Terjemah Surat Al Fatihah:
1. Dengan menyebut nama Allah yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang.
2. Segala puji bagi Allah, Tuhan semesta alam.
3. Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang.
4. Yang menguasai hari Pembalasan.
5. Hanya Engkaulah yang Kami sembah[8], dan hanya kepada Engkaulah Kami meminta pertolongan.
6. Tunjukkanlah kami jalan yang lurus,
7. (yaitu) jalan orang-orang yang telah Engkau berikan nikmat kepada mereka; bukan (jalan) mereka yang dimurkai dan bukan (pula jalan) mereka yang sesat.
Surat Al Faatihah (Pembukaan) yang diturunkan di Mekah dan terdiri dari 7 ayat ini adalah surat yang pertama diturunkan secara lengkap di antara surat-surat yang ada dalam Al Quran, ia termasuk golongan surat Makkiyyah. Surat ini disebut Al Faatihah (Pembukaan), karena dengan surat inilah dibuka dan dimulainya Al Quran. Allah subhaanahu wa Ta'ala memulai kitab-Nya dengan surat ini, karena surat ini menghimpun tujuan dan maksud Al Qur'an. Oleh karena itu, surat ini dinamakan Ummul Quran (induk Al Quran) atau Ummul Kitaab (induk Al Kitab) karena dia merupakan induk dari semua isi Al Quran. Oleh karena itu, diwajibkan membacanya pada setiap shalat.
Al Hasan Al Basri berkata, "Sesungguhnya Allah menyimpan ilmu-ilmu yang ada dalam kitab-kitab terdahulu di dalam Al Qur'an, kemudian Dia menyimpan ilmu-ilmu yang ada dalam Al Qur'an di dalam surat Al Mufashshal (surat-surat yang agak pendek), dan Dia menyimpan ilmu-ilmu yang ada dalam surat Al Mufashshal di dalam surat Al Fatihah. Oleh karena itu, barang siapa yang mengetahui tafsirnya, maka ia seperti mengetahui tafsir semua kitab-kitab yang diturunkan." (Diriwayatkan oleh Baihaqi dalam Syu'abul Iman).
Mencakupnya isi surat Al Fatihah terhadap semua ilmu yang ada di dalam Al Qur'an ditunjukkan oleh Az Zamakhsyari, yaitu karena di dalam Al Fatihah terdapat pujian bagi Allah yang sesuai, terdapat peribadatan kepada-Nya, terdapat perintah dan larangan serta terdapat janji dan ancaman, sedangkan ayat-ayat Al Qur'an tidak lepas dari semua ini. Dengan demikian, semua isi Al Qur'an merupakan penjelasan lebih rinci terhadap masalah yang yang disebutkan secara garis besar dalam surat Al Fatihah.
Surat ini dinamakan pula As Sab'ul matsaany (tujuh yang berulang-ulang) karena ayatnya ada tujuh dan dibaca berulang-ulang dalam shalat. Tentang keutamaan surat ini, Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda:
"Maukah aku beritahukan kepadamu surat yang terbaik dalam Al Qur'an? Yaitu Al Hamdulillahi rabbil 'aalamin." (HR. Ahmad, dishahihkan oleh Al Albani dalam Shahihul Jami' no. 2592)Maksudnya adalah "Saya memulai membaca surat Al-Fatihah ini dengan menyebut nama Allah sambil memohon pertolongan kepada-Nya agar dapat membaca firman-Nya, memahami maknanya dan dapat mengambilnya sebagai petunjuk." Setiap pekerjaan yang baik, hendaknya dimulai dengan menyebut asma Allah, seperti makan, minum, menyembelih hewan, menaiki kendaraan, membaca Al Qur'an di awal surat, masuk dan keluar masjid, mengunci pintu, masuk dan keluar rumah, menulis surat, hendak berwudhu' dan sebagainya. Allah ialah nama Zat Yang Mahasuci, yang satu-satunya berhak disembah dengan sebenarnya disertai rasa cinta, takut dan berharap kepada-Nya, Zat yang tidak membutuhkan makhluk-Nya, tetapi makhluk yang membutuhkan-Nya. Ar Rahmaan (Maha Pemurah): salah satu nama Allah yang memberi pengertian bahwa Allah memiliki rahmat (kasih-sayang) yang luas mengena kepada semua makhluk-Nya, sedangkan Ar Rahiim artinya Allah Maha Penyayang kepada orang-orang mukmin. Kepada orang-orang mukmin itu diberikan-Nya rahmat yang mutlak, selain mereka hanya memperperoleh sebagian daripadanya. Ar Rahmaan dan Ar Rahiim merupakan nama Allah yang menetapkan adanya sifat rahmah (sayang) bagi Allah Ta'ala sesuai dengan kebesaran-Nya.
Alhamdu artinya segala puji. Memuji dilakukan karena perbuatannya yang baik. Maka memuji Allah berati menyanjung-Nya karena perbuatan-Nya yang baik seperti melimpahkan karunia dan berbuat adil, karena sifat-sifat-Nya yang sempurna dan karena nikmat-nikmat-Nya yang begitu banyak yang dilimpahkan-Nya kepada kita baik nikmat yang berkaitan dengan agama maupun dunia.
Syaikh Ibnu 'Utsaimin berkata, "Al Hamdu adalah menyifati yang dipuji dengan kesempurnaan disertai rasa cinta dan pengagungan; baik kesempurnaan dzaat, sifat maupun perbuatan-Nya." Dengan demikian dalam memuji Allah Ta'ala harus disertai rasa cinta dan pengagungan serta ketundukan, karena jika tidak seperti ini bukan merupakan pujian yang sempurna.
Kita menghadapkan segala puji bagi Allah ialah karena dari Allah sumber segala kebaikan yang kita peroleh. Di dalam ayat ini mengandung perintah kepada semua hamba agar memuji Allah Ta'ala. Ayat ini juga menunjukkan bahwa Allah Ta'ala berhak mendapatkan pujian sempurna dari segala sisi, oleh karena itu Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam ketika mendapatkan hal yang menyenangkan mengucapkan "Al Hamdulillahilladziy bini'matihi tatimmush shaalihaat" (segala puji bagi Allah yang dengan nikmat-Nya amal shalih menjadi sempurna), dan ketika Beliau memperoleh selain itu, Beliau tetap mengucapkan
"Al Hamdulillah 'alaa kulli haal" (segala puji bagi Allah dalam semua keadaan) sebagaimana diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Majah (3803).Rabb (tuhan) berarti Tuhan yang ditaati yang Memiliki, Mendidik, Mengurus dan Memelihara. Lafal Rabb tidak dapat dipakai selain untuk Allah, kecuali kalau ada sambungannya, seperti rabbul bait (tuan rumah). 'Alamiin (semesta alam) adalah semua yang diciptakan Allah yang terdiri dari berbagai jenis dan macam, seperti: alam manusia, alam hewan, alam tumbuh-tumbuhan, benda-benda mati dan sebagainya. Allah Pencipta semua alam-alam itu, Dia-lah yang menciptakan semua makhluk, yang mengurus urusan mereka, mengurus semua makhluk-Nya dengan nikmat-nikmat-Nya dan mengurus para wali-Nya dengan iman dan amal yang shalih.
Dengan demikian, pemeliharaan Allah Ta'ala kepada alam semesta itu ada yang umum dan ada yang khusus. Yang umum adalah diciptakan-Nya mereka, diberi-Nya rezeki, diberi-Nya mereka petunjuk kepada hal-hal yang bermaslahat bagi mereka agar mereka dapat hidup di muka bumi, sedangkan yang khusus adalah dengan dididik-Nya para wali-Nya dengan iman dan amal shalih atau diberi-Nya taufiq kepada setiap kebaikan dan dihindarkan dari semua keburukan. Mungkin inilah rahasia mengapa do'a yang diucapkan para nabi kebanyakan menggunakan lafaz Rabb (seperti Rabbi atau Rabbanaa). Ayat ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya Allah-lah Rabbul 'aalamin; yang menciptakan, mengatur, memberi rezeki, menguasai dan memiliki alam semesta; tidak ada Rabb selain-Nya.
Tentang makna Ar Rahmaan dan Ar Rahiim sudah diterangkan sebelumnya. Disebutkannya ayat ini setelah "Al Hamdu lillahi Rabbil 'aalamiin" untuk memberitahukan bahwa Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala mengurus alam semesta ini tidak dengan menyiksa dan memaksa, bahkan atas dasar kasih-sayang-Nya.
Maalik (yang menguasai) dengan memanjangkan mim, berarti: pemilik. dapat pula dibaca dengan Malik (dengan memendekkan mim), artinya: Raja. Dihubungkannya kepemilikan hari pembalasan kepada-Nya meskipun milik-Nya dunia dan akhirat, karena pada hari itu kelihatan dengan jelas kekuasaan dan kepemilikan-Nya. Pada hari itu antara raja-raja di dunia dengan rakyat sama tidak ada perbedaan, mereka tunduk kepada keagungan-Nya, menunggu pembalasan-Nya, mengharapkan pahala-Nya dan takut terhadap siksa-Nya.
Yaumiddin (hari Pembalasan): hari yang di waktu itu masing-masing manusia menerima pembalasan amalannya baik atau buruk. Yaumiddin disebut juga yaumul qiyaamah, yaumul hisaab, yaumul jazaa' dan sebagainya. Dibacanya ayat ini oleh seorang muslim dalam setiap shalat untuk mengingatkannya kepada hari akhir; hari di mana amalan diberikan balasan. Demikian juga mendorong seorang muslim untuk beramal shalih dan menghindari kemaksiatan.
Na'budu diambil dari kata 'ibaadah yang artinya kepatuhan dan ketundukkan yang ditimbulkan oleh perasaan terhadap kebesaran Allah, sebagai Tuhan yang disembah, karena keyakinan bahwa Allah mempunyai kekuasaan yang mutlak terhadapnya disertai rasa cinta dan berharap kepada-Nya. Ditambahkan rasa cinta, karena landasan yang harus ada pada seseorang ketika beribadah itu ada tiga: rasa cinta kepada Allah Ta’ala, rasa takut dan tunduk kepada Allah Ta’ala dan rasa berharap. Oleh karena itu, kecintaan saja yang tidak disertai dengan rasa takut dan kepatuhan, seperti cinta terhadap makanan dan harta, tidaklah termasuk ibadah. Demikian pula rasa takut saja tanpa disertai dengan cinta, seperti takut kepada binatang buas, maka itu tidak termasuk ibadah. Tetapi jika suatu perbuatan di dalamnya menyatu rasa takut dan cinta maka itulah ibadah. Dan tidaklah ibadah itu ditujukan kecuali kepada Allah Ta'ala semata.
Dalam ayat ini terdapat dalil tidak bolehnya mengarahkan satu pun ibadah (seperti berdo'a, ruku', sujud, thawaf, istighatsah/meminta pertolongan), berkurban dan bertawakkal) kepada selain Allah Ta'ala.
Nasta'iin (minta pertolongan), terambil dari kata isti'aanah: mengharapkan bantuan untuk dapat menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan yang tidak sanggup dikerjakan dengan tenaga sendiri. Dalam ayat ini terdapat obat terhadap penyakit ketergantungan kepada selain Allah Ta'ala, demikian juga obat terhadap penyakit riya', 'ujub (bangga diri) dan sombong. Disebutkannya isti'anah kepada Allah Ta'ala setelah ibadah memberikan pengertian bahwa seseorang tidak dapat menjalankan ibadah secara sempurna kecuali dengan pertolongan Allah Ta'ala dan menyerahkan diri kepada-Nya. Ayat ini menunjukkan lemahnya manusia mengurus dirinya sendiri sehingga diperintahkannya untuk meminta pertolongan kepada-Nya Berdasarkan ayat ini juga bahwa beribadah dan meminta pertolongan kepada-Nya merupakan sarana memperoleh kebahagiaan yang kekal dan terhindar dari keburukan. Perbuatan dikatakan ibadah jika diambil dari Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam dan diniatkan ikhlas karena Allah Ta'ala.
Perlu diketahui bahwa isti'anah (meminta pertolongan) terbagi dua:
- Isti’anah tafwidh, meminta pertolongan dengan menampakkan kehinaan, pasrah dan sikap harap, ini hanya boleh kepada Allah saja, syirk hukumnya bila mengarahkan kepada selain Allah.
- Isti’anah musyarakah, meminta pertolongan dalam arti meminta keikut-sertaan orang lain untuk turut membantu, maka tidak mengapa kepada makhluk, namun dengan syarat dalam hal yang mereka mampu membantunya.
Ihdina (tunjukkanlah kami), dari kata hidayaat yang artinya memberi petunjuk ke suatu jalan yang lurus (irsyad). Yang dimaksud di ayat ini bukan sekedar memberi hidayah saja (yakni tidak hanya hidayah irsyad), tetapi juga meminta diberi taufik (dibantu menempuh jalan yang lurus). Oleh karenanya kata ihdinaa langsung dilanjutkan dengan shiraathal mustaqiim, tidak dipisah dengan kata "ilaa" (ke) yang berarti "tunjukkanlah kami ke ….." karena ia meminta dua hidayah (irsyad dan taufiq). Oleh karena itu, arti ayat ini adalah "Tunjukkanlah kami jalan yang lurus dan bantulah kami menempuh jalan itu serta teguhkanlah kami di atasnya sampai kami berjumpa dengan-Mu". Jalan yang lurus itu adalah Islam; sebagai jalan yang dapat mengarah kepada keridhaan Allah dan surga-Nya, jalan yang telah diterangkan oleh Rasul-Nya Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam, sehingga seseorang tidak dapat bahagia kecuali dengan istiqamah di atasnya. Dengan demikian, di ayat ini kita juga meminta kepada Allah Ta'ala agar dapat istiqamah di atas jalan yang lurus itu sampai akhir hayat mengingat hati yang lemah mudah berbalik dan karena hidup di dunia penuh dengan liku-liku, penuh dengan gelombang cobaan dan fitnah yang begitu dahsyat yang dapat menghanyutkan seorang mukmin. Sungguh berbahagialah orang yang tetap mendirikan shalat karena do'a yang dipanjatkannya ini, berbeda dengan orang yang meninggalkan shalat; yang tidak lagi memanjatkan do'a ini sehingga mudah sekali ia terbawa oleh arus fitnah itu yang membuat dirinya binasa –wal 'iyaadz billah-.
Orang-orang yang diberi nikmat oleh Allah adalah para nabi, para shiddiqin, para syuhada dan orang-orang shalih berdasarkan surat An Nisaa': 69, jalan merekalah yang kita minta. Merekalah ahlul hidayah wal istiqamah (orang-orang yang memperoleh hidayah dan dapat beristiqamah), ciri jalan mereka adalah setelah mengetahui yang hak (benar), mereka mengamalkannya (belajar dan beramal).
Adapun orang-orang yang dimurkai (baik oleh Allah maupun oleh kaum mukminin) adalah orang-orang yahudi dan orang-orang yang mengikuti jalan mereka. Ciri jalan mereka adalah setelah mengetahui yang hak, mereka tidak mau mengamalkan sehingga mereka dimurkai (belajar dan tidak beramal).
Sedangkan orang-orang yang sesat adalah orang-orang Nasrani dan orang-orang yang mengikuti jalan mereka. Ciri jalan mereka adalah tidak mengenal yang hak sehingga mereka tersesat (beramal tanpa belajar).
Di dalam ayat ini terdapat obat penyakit juhud (membangkang), jahl (kebodohan) dan dhalaal (tersesat).
Dianjurkan setelah membaca ayat ini di dalam shalat mengucapkan "aamiiiiiin" yang artinya "Ya Allah, kabulkanlah", ia tidaklah termasuk ayat dari surat Al Fatihah berdasarkan kesepakatan para ulama, oleh karena itu mereka tidak menuliskannya di dalam mushaf-mushaf.
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