Makna Surat Al-Baqarah (1-7) dan Kandungannya

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Surat Al Baqarah Ayat 1-7 (Sapi Betina) Surah ke-2. Terdiri dari 286 ayat. Madaniyyah 



بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ

Dengan menyebut nama Allah yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Penyayang.

Ayat 1-5: Golongan mukmin, membicarakan tentang sifat orang-orang yang bertakwa, hakikat iman dan bagaimana Al Qur’an menjadi petunjuk bagi mereka

الم (١) ذَلِكَ الْكِتَابُ لا رَيْبَ فِيهِ هُدًى لِلْمُتَّقِينَ (٢) الَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِالْغَيْبِ وَيُقِيمُونَ الصَّلاةَ وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنْفِقُونَ (٣) وَالَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِمَا أُنْزِلَ إِلَيْكَ وَمَا أُنْزِلَ مِنْ قَبْلِكَ وَبِالآخِرَةِ هُمْ يُوقِنُونَ (٤) أُولَئِكَ عَلَى هُدًى مِنْ رَبِّهِمْ وَأُولَئِكَ هُمُ الْمُفْلِحُونَ (٥)


  1. Alif laam miim.
  2. Kitab (Al Quran) ini tidak ada keraguan padanya; petunjuk bagi mereka yang bertakwa,
  3. (yaitu) mereka yang beriman kepada yang ghaib, mendirikan shalat, dan menafkahkan sebagian rezeki yang Kami anugerahkan kepada mereka.
  4. Dan mereka yang beriman kepada kitab yang telah diturunkan kepadamu dan kitab-kitab yang telah diturunkan sebelummu, serta mereka yakin akan adanya (kehidupan) akhirat.
  5. Merekalah yang mendapat petunjuk dari Tuhan mereka, dan mereka itulah orang-orang yang beruntung.

Ayat 6-7: Menyebutkan sifat orang-orang kafir, menerangkan hakikat kekafiran dan balasan untuk orang-orang kafir

إِنَّ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا سَوَاءٌ عَلَيْهِمْ ءَأَنْذَرْتَهُمْ أَمْ لَمْ تُنْذِرْهُمْ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ    (٦) خَتَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَى قُلُوبِهِمْ وَعَلَى سَمْعِهِمْ وَعَلَى أَبْصَارِهِمْ غِشَاوَةٌ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ عَظِيمٌ (٧)

6. Sesungguhnya orang-orang kafir, sama saja bagi mereka, kamu beri peringatan atau tidak kamu beri peringatan, mereka tidak juga akan beriman.

7. Allah telah mengunci-mati hati dan pendengaran mereka, penglihatan mereka ditutup. dan bagi mereka siksa yang sangat berat.
Surat Al Baqarah yang 286 ayat ini turun di Madinah, sebagian besar diturunkan pada permulaan tahun Hijrah, kecuali ayat 281 diturunkan di Mina pada Haji wadaa' (haji Nabi Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam yang terakhir). Seluruh ayat dari surat Al Baqarah termasuk golongan Madaniyyah, sebagai surat yang terpanjang di antara surat-surat Al Quran yang di dalamnya terdapat pula ayat yang terpancang (ayat 282). Surat ini dinamai Al Baqarah karena di dalamnya disebutkan kisah penyembelihan sapi betina yang diperintahkan Allah kepada Bani Israil (ayat 67 sampai dengan 74), di sana dijelaskan watak orang-orang Yahudi pada umumnya.
 Makna Utama surat Al-Baqarah

Tentang keutamaan surat Al Baqarah, Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam bersabda:

 اقْرَءُوا الْقُرْآنَ فَإِنَّهُ يَأْتِى يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ شَفِيعًا لأَصْحَابِهِ اقْرَءُوا الزَّهْرَاوَيْنِ الْبَقَرَةَ وَسُورَةَ آلِ عِمْرَانَ فَإِنَّهُمَا تَأْتِيَانِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ كَأَنَّهُمَا غَمَامَتَانِ أَوْ كَأَنَّهُمَا غَيَايَتَانِ أَوْ كَأَنَّهُمَا فِرْقَانِ مِنْ طَيْرٍ صَوَافَّ تُحَاجَّانِ عَنْ أَصْحَابِهِمَا اقْرَءُوا سُورَةَ الْبَقَرَةِ فَإِنَّ أَخْذَهَا بَرَكَةٌ وَتَرْكَهَا حَسْرَةٌ وَلاَ تَسْتَطِيعُهَا الْبَطَلَةُ  . قَالَ مُعَاوِيَةُ بَلَغَنِى أَنَّ الْبَطَلَةَ السَّحَرَةُ

"Bacalah Al Qur'an, karena ia akan datang memberi syafa'at kepada pembacanya. Bacalah Az Zahrawain (dua surat yang berkilau cemerlang) yaitu Al Baqarah dan Ali Imran, karena keduanya akan datang pada hari kiamat seakan-akan dua awan (yang menaungi panasnya keadaan di padang mahsyar) atau dua naungan atau dua rombongan burung yang membuka sayapnya. Kedua surat itu akan membela pembacanya. Bacalah surat Al Baqarah, karena merutinkannya adalah keberkahan, meninggalkannya adalah penyesalan dan surat itu tidak mampu dibaca oleh para penyihir." (HR. Ahmad dan Muslim)
اِقْرَءُوْا سُوْرَةَ الْبَقَرَةِ فِي بُيُوْتِكُمْ فَإِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لاَ يَدْخُلُ بَيْتًا يُقْرَأُ فِيْهِ سُوْرَةُ الْبَقَرَةِ
"Bacalah surat Al Baqarah di rumah kalian, karena setan tidak akan masuk ke dalam rumah yang dibacakan di dalamnya surat Al Baqarah." (HR. Hakim dan Baihaqi dalam Syu'abul Iman, dishahihkan oleh Al Albani dalam Shahihul Jami' no. 1170).
Ialah huruf-huruf abjad yang terletak pada permulaan sebagian dari surat-surat Al Quran seperti:
Alif laam miim, Alif laam raa, Alif laam miim shaad dan sebagainya. Di antara ahli-ahli tafsir ada yang menyerahkan pengertiannya kepada Allah karena dipandang termasuk ayat-ayat mutasyaabihaat, dan ada pula yang menafsirkannya. golongan yang menafsirkannya ada yang memandangnya sebagai nama surat, dan ada pula yang berpendapat bahwa huruf-huruf abjad itu gunanya untuk menarik perhatian para pendengar supaya memperhatikan Al Quran itu, atau untuk mengisyaratkan bahwa Al Quran itu diturunkan dari Allah dalam bahasa Arab yang tersusun dari huruf-huruf abjad. kalau mereka tidak percaya bahwa Al Quran diturunkan dari Allah dan hanya buatan Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam semata-mata, maka cobalah mereka buat semacam Al Quran itu. Syaikh As Sa'diy berpendapat bahwa yang lebih selamat adalah diam tidak mencari-cari maksudnya, yang pasti Allah Ta'ala tidaklah menurunkan begitu saja tanpa ada hikmah di balik itu hanya saja kita tidak mengetahui. Wallahu a'lam.

Imam Al Qurthubi berkata, "Para ahli tafsir berselisih tentang huruf-huruf yang berada di awal-awal surat. Amir Asy Sya'biy, Sufyan Ats Tsauriy dan jama'ah ahli hadits berkata, "Ia adalah rahasia Allah dalam Al Qur'an, dan Allah memiliki rahasia di setiap kitab-Nya, ia termasuk ayat-ayat mutasyabihat yang hanya Allah saja mengetahuinya, ia tidak mesti dibicarakan, akan tetapi kita mengimaninya dan membacanya sebagaimana telah datang (disebutkan)."

Allah Ta'ala menamakan Al Qur'an dengan Al kitab berarti "yang ditulis", sebagai isyarat bahwa Al Quran diperintahkan untuk ditulis.

Yakni tidak ada keraguan bahwa ia berasal dari Allah Ta'ala, sehingga tidak benar masih meragukannya karena jelas sekali buktinya.

Orang-orang yang bertakwa mengambil manfaat darinya, menjadikannya sebagai petunjuk dan ilmu yang bermanfaat serta membuat mereka dapat beramal shalih. Mereka memperoleh dua hidayah; hidayah irsyad (ilmu/petunjuk) dan hidayah taufiq (bisa beramal). Al Qur’an meskipun sesungguhnya petunjuk bagi semua manusia, namun hanya orang-orang yang bertakwa yang mau mengambilnya sebagai petunjuk dan melaksanakan isinya.

Takwa yaitu memelihara diri dari siksaan Allah dengan mengikuti segala perintah-Nya; dan menjauhi segala larangan-Nya; tidak cukup diartikan dengan takut saja.

Kata huda (petunjuk) pada ayat di atas adalah umum, yakni bahwa Al Qur'an merupakan petunjuk terhadap semua maslahat di dunia dan akhirat, ia merupakan pembimbing manusia dalam masalah ushul (pokok seperti keyakinan) maupun furu' (cabang), menerangkan yang hak dan menerangkan kepada mereka jalan yang dapat memberikan manfaat di dunia dan akhirat.

Iman artinya kepercayaan yang teguh yang disertai dengan ketundukan dan penyerahan jiwa atau pengakuan di hati yang membuahkan ketundukkan di lisan (dengan iqrar) dan pada anggota badan. Tanda-tanda adanya iman ialah mengerjakan apa yang dikehendaki oleh iman itu.

Yang ghaib ialah yang tidak dapat ditangkap oleh pancaindera. Percaya kepada yang ghjaib yaitu, mengi'tikadkan adanya yang maujud yang tidak dapat ditangkap oleh pancaindera, karena ada dalil yang menunjukkan adanya, seperti: adanya Allah, malaikat-malaikat, hari akhirat dan sebagainya. Mengapa beriman itu kepada yang ghaib? Jawabnya adalah karena beriman kepada sesuatu yang disaksikan atau dirasakan panca indera tidak dapat membedakan mana muslim dan mana kafir. Oleh karena itu, orang mukmin beriman kepada semua yang diberitakan Allah Ta'ala dan rasul-Nya, baik mereka menyaksikannya atau tidak, baik mereka memahaminya atau tidak dan baik dijangkau oleh akal mereka maupun tidak. Abdullah bin Mas'ud radhiyallahu 'anhu berkata, "Tidak ada keimanan yang diimani oleh orang mukmin yang lebih utama daripada keimanannya kepada yang ghaib", lalu Ibnu Mas'ud membaca ayat "Alladziina yu'minuuna bil ghaib".

Yakni di samping beriman kepada yang ghaib, mereka buktikan dengan mendirikan shalat. Shalat menurut bahasa 'Arab: doa, menurut istilah syara' ialah ibadat yang sudah dikenal, yang dimulai dengan takbir dan diakhiri dengan salam. Shalat merupakan pembuktian terhadap pengabdian dan kerendahan diri kepada Allah Subhaanahu wa Ta'aala. Mendirikan shalat ialah menunaikannya dengan teratur, dengan melangkapi syarat-syarat, rukun-rukun dan adab-adabnya, baik yang lahir ataupun yang batin, seperti khusu', memperhatikan apa yang dibaca dan sebagainya. Shalat yang seperti inilah yang dapat mencegah dari perbuatan keji dan mungkar.

Rezki: segala yang dapat diambil manfaatnya. menafkahkan sebagian rezki, ialah memberikan sebagian dari harta yang telah direzkikan oleh Allah tersebut kepada orang-orang yang disyari'atkan oleh agama memberinya, baik yang wajib maupun yang sunat. Contoh pengeluaran yang wajib adalah zakat, menafkahi anak dan istri, kerabat (seperti orang tua) dan budak, sedangkan yang sunat adalah semua jalan kebaikan. Disebutkan "sebagian rezeki" menunjukkan bahwa yang Allah inginkan hanyalah sedikit dari harta mereka; tidak memadharatkan mereka dan tidak membebani, dan dipakainya kata-kata "rezeki" untuk mengingatkan bahwa harta yang ada pada mereka merupakan rezeki dari Allah yang menghendaki untuk disyukuri dengan menyisihkan sebagiannya berbagi bersama saudara-saudara mereka yang tidak mampu.

Shalat dan zakat sangat sering disebutkan secara bersamaan di dalam Al Qur'an, karena shalat mengandung sikap ikhlas kepada Allah Ta'ala, sedangkan zakat dan infak mengandung sikap ihsan terhadap sesama hamba Allah Ta'ala. Oleh karena itu, tanda kebahagiaan seorang hamba adalah dengan bersikap ikhlas kepada Allah dan berusaha memberikan manfa'at kepada makhluk, sebagaimana tanda celakanya seorang hamba adalah ketika tidak adanya kedua ini, yakni ikhlas kepada Allah Ta'ala dan berbuat ihsan kepada sesama hamba Allah Ta'ala.

Yaitu Al Qur'an, demikian juga apa yang diturunkan kepada Beliau berupa hikmah (As Sunnah).

Kitab-Kitab yang telah diturunkan sebelum Nabi Muhammad shallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam. ialah kitab-kitab yang diturunkan sebelum Al Quran seperti: Taurat, Zabur, Injil dan Shuhuf-Shuhuf yang tersebut dalam Al Qur'an yang diturunkan kepada Para rasul. Allah menurunkan kitab kepada Rasul ialah dengan memberikan wahyu kepada Jibril 'alaihis salam., lalu Jibril menyampaikannya kepada rasul.

Yakin ialah kepercayaan yang kuat dengan tidak dicampuri keraguan sedikitpun. Akhirat lawan dunia. Kehidupan akhirat ialah kehidupan sesudah mati dan sesudah dunia berakhir. yakin akan adanya kehidupan akhirat ialah benar-benar percaya akan adanya kehidupan sesudah mati (yaitu alam barzakh yang di dalamnya terdapat fitnah kubur, azab kubur dan nikmat kubur) dan sesudah dunia berakhir (seperti kebangkitan manusia, pengumpulan manusia di padang mahsyar, adanya hisab (pemeriksaan amalan), mizan (penimbangan amalan), surga dan neraka).

Di antara hikmah mengapa Allah sering menyebutkan hari akhir dalam Al Qur’an adalah karena beriman kepada hari akhir memiliki pengaruh yang kuat dalam memperbaiki keadaan seseorang sehingga ia akan mengisi hari-harinya dengan amal shalih, ia pun akan lebih semangat untuk mengerjakan keta’atan itu sambil berharap akan diberikan pahala di hari akhir itu, demikian juga akan membuatnya semakin takut ketika mengisi hidupnya dengan kemaksiatan apalagi merasa tentram dengannya. Beriman kepada hari akhir juga membantu seseorang untuk tidak berlebihan terhadap dunia dan tidak menjadikannya sebagai tujuan hidupnya. Di antara hikmahnya juga adalah menghibur seorang mukmin yang kurang mendapatkan kesenangan dunia karena di hadapannya ada kesenangan yang lebih baik dan lebih kekal.

Yakni orang-orang yang memiliki sifat-sifat di atas.

Mereka berjalan di atas cahaya dari Tuhan mereka dan taufiq-Nya.

Ialah orang-orang yang mendapat apa-apa yang dimohonkannya kepada Allah sesudah mengusahakannya dan selamat dari sesuatu yang mereka khawatirkan atau orang-orang yang akan memperoleh surga dan selamat dari neraka.

Yakni orang-orang yang mengingkari apa yang diturunkan kepadamu dari Tuhanmu.

Baik engkau memperingatkan mereka dengan azab Allah atau pun tidak.

Kepada mereka hanyalah ditegakkan hujjah agar mereka tidak dapat beralasan lagi di hadapan Allah Ta'ala pada hari kiamat.

Yakni orang itu tidak dapat menerima petunjuk, dan segala macam nasehat tidak akan berbekas kepadanya disebabkan kekafiran dan kerasnya hati mereka setelah nampak kebenaran bagi mereka. Oleh karena itu, Allah tidak memberi mereka taufiq untuk mengikuti petunjuk itu.

Maksudnya: mereka tidak dapat memperhatikan dan memahami ayat-ayat Al Quran yang mereka dengar dan tidak dapat mengambil pelajaran dari tanda-tanda kebesaran Allah yang mereka lihat di cakrawala, di permukaan bumi dan pada diri mereka sendiri. Sarana-sarana untuk memperoleh petunjuk dan kebaikan telah ditutup bagi mereka. Ini merupakan hukuman yang disegerakan dan hukuman yang akan datang kepada mereka adalah azab yang sangat pedih berupa azab neraka dan kemurkaan Allah Ta'ala.

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